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Co sponsored by
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MUST HAVE GREEN
TEA |
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2021-Global
promotion for green tea |
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Peng
Yong Senior professor
Study
on Chinese health tea & Herb tea
Han
biqun，Peng yong*
(Beijing Union Medical
College, Institute of medicinal plants, Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of
material basis and resource utilization of Chinese
herbal medicine, Ministry of education, Beijing
100193)
Abstract: Health tea is our precious intangible
cultural heritage. It is the summary of the
long-term struggle against nature and disease of
people of all ethnic groups in China. The
development and research of health tea is of great
value to the development of ecological industry in
western ethnic regions. Folk drinking experience has
proved that health tea has the functions of clearing
heat and detoxification, eliminating food and
resolving accumulation, promoting swallowing and
relieving cough, and is safe and non-toxic. Modern
research shows that health tea contains flavonoids,
polyphenols, terpenoids, volatile oil and other
chemical components, with antioxidant,
antibacterial, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic,
hypotensive, immune promotion, anti-tumor, liver
protection and anti-inflammatory activities. Health
tea is an important research object in the
prevention and treatment of chronic metabolic
diseases. This paper makes a preliminary research on
the types of Chinese health tea, and investigates
its traditional application. Combined with modern
chemical composition and pharmacological activity,
it lays a foundation for the further research and
development of Chinese health tea.
Key
words: health tea; original plant; application
history; chemical composition; pharmacological
activity
In
ancient China, there were many kinds of plants from
various sources for tea drinking. We call these
teas, which have been used for a long time and are
widely used for tea drinking among the people,
health tea, And give the following definition:
"health tea refers to those plants that do not
belong to camellia of thcaceae family. They have a
long history of drinking tea in a certain area and a
certain ethnic group, and they are still in use
today, and there are still Commodities in the market
circulation." Health tea is an important weapon for
the prevention and treatment of chronic metabolic
diseases; it is an integral part of China's tea
culture, which has important value for saving the
diversity of tea culture in China (especially in
ethnic minority areas); it is a good object for the
development and research of new drugs and health
products. The development and research of health tea
is of great significance to the development of
western ethnic regions and ecological industry.
The
research and arrangement of Chinese traditional
health tea system is blank. By means of literature
research and bibliometrics, combined with
on-the-spot investigation and market survey, the
author makes textual research and collation on
Chinese health tea.
1.
Diversity of health tea
The diversity of health tea is mainly reflected in
the diversity of original plant sources and
application parts.
There are 23 main health tea in China, which belong
to 19 families, 22 genera and 35 species. The origin
of health tea family is different, and its original
plants are also different in morphology and
application parts, as shown in Table 1.
The author thinks that health tea is an integral
part of tea culture in China, and the application of
health tea is influenced by tea culture. Although
the family origin of health tea is more extensive
than that of Camellia in the traditional sense, and
its application parts are also greatly expanded, 70%
of health tea are shrubs or trees, and they are all
used in buds, leaves, leaves or twigs, which is
similar to Camellia in morphology and application.
And some kinds of health tea are directly in the
form of tea camellia substitutes, such as the
appearance and large-scale promotion of Scutellaria
tea in the North may be closely related to the two
"tea bans" in history [1]; the application of rattan
tea is also related to avoiding the tea tax of the
government at that time [2].
Table 1
origin and application parts of 23 main health tea
in China
|
名称 |
科属来源 |
种名及拉丁名 |
原植物形态 |
应用部位 |
|
黄芩茶 |
唇形科黄芩属 |
黄芩Scutellaria
baicalensis Georgi |
草本 |
地上部分 |
|
|
|
并头黄芩S.
scordifolia Fisch |
|
|
|
|
|
滇黄芩S.
amoena C.
H. Wright |
|
|
|
|
|
粘毛黄芩S.viscidula Bunge |
|
|
|
老鹰茶 |
樟科木姜子属 |
毛豹皮樟Litsea
coreana Levl
var.
lanuginose (Migo)
Yang et P.H.Huang |
乔木 |
叶或虫茶 |
|
连翘叶茶 |
木犀科连翘属 |
连翘Forsythia
suspensa (Thunb.)
Vahl |
灌木 |
嫩叶 |
|
罗布麻茶 |
夹竹桃科罗布麻属 |
罗布麻Apocynum
venetum L. |
半灌木 |
叶 |
|
青钱柳茶 |
胡桃科青钱柳属 |
青钱柳Cyclocarya
paliurus (Batal.)
Iljinsk. |
乔木 |
叶 |
|
*石崖茶 |
山茶科杨桐属 |
亮叶杨桐Adinandra
nitida Merr.
ex Li |
灌木或乔木 |
叶 |
|
食凉茶 |
蜡梅科蜡梅属 |
山蜡梅Chimonanthus
nitens
Oliv. |
灌木 |
叶 |
|
|
|
柳叶蜡梅Chimonanthus
salicifolius Hu |
|
|
|
|
|
浙江蜡梅Ch.
zhejiangensis |
|
|
|
藤茶 |
葡萄科蛇葡萄属 |
显齿蛇葡萄Ampelopsis
grossedentata (Hand.-Mazz.)
W.T.Wang |
木质藤本 |
幼嫩茎叶 |
|
雪茶 |
地茶科地茶属 |
雪茶Thamnolia
vermicularis |
菌藻共生体 |
干燥体 |
|
|
|
雪地茶T.subuliforms |
|
|
|
|
梅衣科金丝属 |
金丝刷Lethariella
cladonioides |
|
|
|
|
|
金丝带L.
zahlbruckneria |
|
|
|
|
|
金丝绣球L.
cashmeriana |
|
|
|
|
|
柔金丝L.
sernanderi |
|
|
|
大叶苦丁茶 |
冬青科冬青属 |
大叶冬青Ilex
latifolia Thunb. |
大乔木 |
叶及嫩芽 |
|
|
|
扣树（苦丁茶冬青）Ilex
kaushue S.
Y. Hu（Ilex
kudingcha C. J. Tseng）[23] |
|
|
|
*小叶苦丁茶 |
木犀科女贞属 |
粗壮女贞（紫茎女贞）Ligustrum
robustum (Roxb.)
Blume(L
. purpurascens Y.
C . Yang) |
灌木至小乔木 |
嫩芽 |
|
*广西甜茶 |
蔷薇科悬钩子属 |
甜茶Rubus
suavissimus S.Lee |
灌木 |
叶或嫩枝 |
|
多穗柯茶 |
壳斗科柯属 |
木姜叶柯（多穗柯）
Lithocarpus litseifolius (Hance)
Chun（Lithocarpus
polystachyus Rehd） |
大乔木 |
嫩叶 |
|
节骨茶 |
金粟兰科金粟兰属 |
草珊瑚Sarcandra
glabra (Thunb.)
Nakai |
半灌木 |
叶或全株 |
|
紫苏茶 |
唇形科紫苏属 |
紫苏Perilla
frutescens (L.)
Britt. |
草本 |
叶 |
|
菊花茶 |
菊科菊属 |
菊花Dendranthema
morifolium (Ramat.
) Tzvel. |
草本 |
花序 |
|
大麦茶 |
禾本科大麦属 |
大麦Hordeum
vulgare L. |
草本 |
果实 |
|
金银花茶 |
忍冬科忍冬属 |
忍冬Lonicera
japonica Thunb. |
藤本 |
花蕾 |
|
*山绿茶 |
冬青科冬青属 |
海南冬青Ilex
hainanensis Merr. |
乔木 |
叶 |
|
黄连木茶 |
漆树科黄连木属 |
黄连木Pistacia
chinensis
Bunge |
大乔木 |
嫩叶 |
|
*三叶海棠 |
蔷薇科苹果属 |
三叶海棠Malus
sieboldii
(Regel) Rehd. |
灌木 |
叶或虫茶 |
|
湖北海棠 |
蔷薇科苹果属 |
湖北海棠Malus
hupehensis (Pamp.)
Rehd. |
乔木 |
嫩叶 |
|
枸杞叶茶 |
茄科枸杞属 |
枸杞Lycium
chinense Mill. |
灌木 |
叶 |
|
|
|
宁夏枸杞Lycium
barbarum L. |
|
|
Note: 1.
Ligustrum henryi Hemsley, Ligustrum pedunculare
Rehder and Ligustrum sinense are the local products
of Kuding tea var.myrianthum (Diels) Hoefker. [3]。
The local products of eagle tea include Machilus
chuanchieneneie s.k.lee and Actinodaphne cupularis (Hemsl.)
gamble [4].
2. The exact age of health tea marked with "*" in
the table needs further research.
2.
Application history and scope of health tea
Health tea has a long history of use and a wide
range of users, with predictable safety.
Among the 23 health preserving teas, 9 teas have
been used for thousands of years; 3 teas have been
used for 500-1000 years; 6 teas have been used for
300-500 years; and 5 teas are unknown, as shown in
Table 2.
Among the 32 provinces, autonomous regions and
municipalities directly under the central
government, 27 provincial administrative units are
the main application areas of health tea, as shown
in Table 2. The regional distribution of health tea:
11 in South China > 10 in East China > 9 in Central
China > 7 in Southwest China > 4 in Northwest China
> 3 in North China > 2 in Northeast China.
The distribution of health tea is more in the South
than in the north, and more in the east than in the
West. The area where health tea is concentrated is
also the area where species diversity and ethnic
diversity are concentrated. However, in Inner
Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet and Qinghai, which are
also inhabited by ethnic minorities, there are not
many kinds of health tea, which is related to the
low species diversity caused by the local
environment and the local economic development. For
example, drinking tea is one of the traditional
habits of Mongolian people. Hasbagen began to
investigate the traditional tea plants of Mongolian
people in the 1980s, and identified 20 species of
plants in 11 families [5], but there were no real
commercial species, which were not included.
Table 2
application history and application scope of 23 main
health tea in China
Note:
1. The application history of health tea reported in
the table is earlier than the earliest recorded by
the author.
2. The exact age of health tea marked with "*" in
the table needs further research.
3.
Effect of health tea on nature and taste
In terms of drug properties, most of the 23 health
preserving teas were cold, accounting for 74%, as
shown in Table 3.
From the efficacy point of view, the 23 health tea
includes five categories: antipyretic, Xiaoshi,
Qufengshi and pingganxifeng. Among them, there are
17 antipyretic drugs, accounting for 74%, as shown
in Table 3.
"Compendium of Materia Medica" contains: "tea bitter
and cold, Yin in Yin, Shen also, Jiang also, the
most can reduce fire." Health tea is mostly cold and
cool products. Some of them were originally used as
substitutes for camellia, and may also be related to
the way they were taken. The use of brewing this way
with a large amount of water to take, on the human
body to produce a better cooling thirst quenching,
heat under the fire effect.
Besides the similarity with camellia, health tea
also has some characteristics that tea does not
have. In terms of taste, there is a large category
of health tea with sweet taste, which is commonly
known as "sweet tea" in the folk. According to the
preliminary statistics of Xiao Wei [29], there are
18 kinds of "sweet tea" in 14 genera of 10 families
in China. There is also a kind of health tea with
special flavor.
Table 3
quality and taste efficacy of 23 main health tea in
China
|
name |
味 |
性 |
分类 |
effect |
|
Sweet tea |
甘 |
平 |
清热药 |
Clearing heat,
detoxifying, invigorating fluid,
moistening lung, relieving cough and
benefiting pharynx |
|
Ampelopsis
grossedentata |
甘、淡 |
凉 |
清热药 |
It can
clear away heat and toxin, eliminate
inflammation and throat, reduce blood
pressure and fat, and eliminate fatigue |
|
Chrysanthemum Tea |
甘、苦 |
凉 |
清热药 |
Shufeng
Qingre, Pinggan Mingmu, antitussive
expectorant, anti-inflammatory
detoxification |
|
Begonia |
甘、微苦 |
凉 |
清热药 |
Cool
thirst, detoxification, diuresis, Xiaoji |
|
Duosuike
tea |
甘、微苦 |
平 |
清热药 |
Clearing
away heat and diuresis, nourishing liver
and kidney, harmonizing stomach and
reducing adverse reactions, moistening
lung and relieving cough |
|
Chinese
wolfberry leaf tea |
甘、微苦 |
微寒 |
清热药 |
Tonifying
deficiency and essence, dispelling wind
and improving eyesight, clearing heat
and relieving thirst |
|
Big leaf
Kuding tea |
苦 |
寒 |
清热药 |
Quench
thirst, improve eyesight, eliminate
vexation, refresh, eliminate phlegm,
benefit water and throat |
|
leaflet
kuding tea |
苦 |
寒 |
清热药 |
Cool,
antipyretic and diuretic |
|
Malus
sieboldii |
苦、甘 |
寒 |
清热药 |
Clearing
away heat and relieving thirst |
|
Pistacia
chinensis tea |
微苦 |
凉 |
清热药 |
Heat
clearing, moistening and detoxification |
|
Snow tea |
微苦 |
凉 |
清热药 |
Antipyretic, antitussive,
anti-inflammatory, sedative |
|
Honeysuckle tea |
微苦、甘 |
寒 |
清热药 |
Clearing
away heat, eliminating sores and heat |
|
tea
baicalin |
微苦、微甘 |
寒 |
清热药 |
Clearing
away heat and dampness, purging fire and
detoxification, anti inflammation and
promoting digestion |
|
Forsythia
leaf tea |
微苦、微甘 |
凉 |
清热药 |
Clearing heat and
relieving heat and detoxifying
antiphlogistic appetizer and relieving
alcohol nourishing the liver |
|
folium
ilicis hainanensis |
微苦、微甘 |
凉 |
清热药 |
Qingrejiesengjin quench thirst to
accumulate digestion |
|
Cliff tea |
微苦、微甘 |
凉 |
清热药 |
Shengjin quench
thirst antiphlogistic clearing heat and
detoxification |
|
Cyclocarya paliurus
tea |
甘、微苦 |
平 |
清热药 |
Enhance physical
strength, prolong life, and quench
thirst, clear heat and relieve heat |
|
hawk-tea |
甘 |
寒 |
消食药 |
Eliminate thirst,
dissipate heat, stop diarrhea, stop
hiccup, dissipate food and relieve
distension |
|
roasted barley tea |
甘、微苦 |
平、微温 |
消食药 |
Spleen appetizer
digestion stagnation |
|
Food cool tea |
辛 |
凉 |
解表药 |
Expel wind and
jiebiao to regulate qi, invigorate
spleen, clear heat, detoxify and stop
diarrhea |
|
Perilla tea |
辛 |
温 |
解表药 |
Dispersion cold
solution table Qi wide chest |
|
Section bone tea |
辛、苦 |
平 |
祛风湿药 |
Clearing heat and
detoxification, dispelling wind,
activating luo, regulating qi, relieving
pain, clearing liver, mingmu and
refreshing stomach |
|
apocynum
venetum tea |
甘、微苦 |
凉 |
平肝息风药 |
Prevent heatstroke,
relieve headache, clear depression,
invigorate spleen and stomach |
4.
Chemical constituents of health tea
Health tea contains flavonoids, polyphenols,
terpenoids, volatile oil, alkaloids, organic acids
and other components. Among them, flavonoids and
polyphenols are more studied.
Flavonoids have a variety of physiological
activities. There are some varieties with high
content of flavonoids in health tea. Among them,
Tengcha (36-45%) [30,31], Shiya tea (28.4%) [32],
duosuike tea (22.2%) [33] are more worthy of
attention. Some of these flavonoids have unique
physiological activities. For example, duosuike tea
and Hubei Begonia can be used as resource plants to
extract high sweet phloridzin [34-37]; perilla tea
contains a large number of anthocyanins with strong
antioxidant effect (content is 5.6%) [38];
Ampelopsis grossedentata contains dihydromyricetin
with significant vasodilator and calcium blocking
effect (up to about 20%) [39]. Camellia (1 ~ 3%)
[40,41] does not have the high content of flavonoids
with extensive physiological activities.
Tea polyphenols are important physiological active
substances in Camellia. Health tea also has some
varieties with high polyphenol content, such as
eagle tea [6] (49.8%), Tengcha [42] (21.8%), Shiya
tea [32] (20.9%), and tea camellia [43] (20% - 35%).
Terpenoids are also quite common in health tea. The
sweet component of Cyclocarya paliurus is mainly
dammarane triterpenoid saponins, which is the
characteristic component of Cyclocarya paliurus
[44]; the main sweet component of Guangxi sweet tea
is a tetracyclic diterpenoid glycoside (1.5%) [45].
The kinds of health tea with special flavor often
have high content of volatile oil, such as
shiliangcha [46] (1.82% ~ 2.46%, the content of
flowering period can reach 2.90%), Jiegu tea [47]
(0.157 ~ 0.446%), Laoying tea [48,49] (0.1 ~ 0.2%),
perilla tea [50] (0.1% ~ 0.2%), shankucha, etc.,
which are much higher than Camellia [43] (0.02%).
Caffeine in camellia is the main substance causing
insomnia. The health tea containing caffeine and its
homologues were reported as follows: Shiya tea [32]
(1.6%), duosuike tea [33] (1.4%), Qingqianliu tea
[51] (no content report) and Daye Kuding tea [6]
(0.0228 ~ 0.0436%), but the content of caffeine in
green tea was still lower than that in green tea (1
~ 4%). It is a suitable substitute for tea for those
who like to drink tea and avoid insomnia caused by
caffeine.
5.
Pharmacological activity of health tea
The pharmacological activities of 23 kinds of health
tea were summarized. In the process of sorting out,
for the convenience of statistics, according to the
correlation of pathogenesis, chrysanthemum tea
"vasodilator" is classified as "blood pressure
lowering"; big leaf Kuding tea "anti early
pregnancy" is classified as "anti fertility"; Hubei
Begonia "anti liver fibrosis" is classified as
"liver protecting"; barley tea "low cholesterol" is
classified as "blood lipid lowering". The
statistical results are shown in Table 4 and figure
1.
Table 4
pharmacological effects of health tea
|
name |
pharmacological action |
|
Forsythia leaf tea |
Anti oxidation, anti-aging, liver
protection, heart protection, lipid
regulation, weight loss, anti fatigue,
immune regulation, anti stress,
antibacterial, hypoglycemia |
|
Apocynum venetum tea |
It can reduce blood pressure, blood
lipid, anti atherosclerosis, anti-aging,
anti-oxidation, anti depression,
sedation, liver protection, kidney
protection, immune promotion, anti
radiation, anti hypoxia, anti
convulsion, anti inflammation and
diuresis |
|
Food cool tea |
Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory,
antipyretic, anti-viral, weight loss,
lowering blood lipid, anti-tumor,
lowering blood pressure, analgesia,
antitussive, expectorant, immunity,
stimulating uterus |
|
snow tea |
Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic,
anti-fatigue, anti-radiation immunity,
anti-hypoxia and anti-oxidation |
|
sweet tea |
Antioxidant, inhibition of small
intestinal contraction, anti-allergy,
anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor,
anti-caries, anti-blood glucose,
anti-lipid, anti-fatigue, immunological
promotion |
|
Duosuike tea |
Hypoglycemic, antioxidant,
antibacterial, anti allergic |
|
Mountain green tea |
Protect the heart, reduce blood lipid,
protect the liver, antithrombotic,
antihypertensive |
|
Begonia |
Antioxidant, hypoglycemic,
antibacterial, anti hypoxia, anti
fatigue, anti hypotension, anti liver
fibrosis, estrogen like effect |
|
Malus sieboldii |
Antioxidant, antihypertensive,
antiinflammatory, bacteriostatic,
bacteriostatic, hypoglycemic |
|
Pistacia chinensis tea |
Antioxidant, antibacterial and estrogen
like activities |
|
Perilla tea |
Antibacterial, antiviral, hemostatic,
antioxidant, antiallergic, sedative,
analgesic, antitumor |
|
Barley tea |
Reduce cholesterol, anti-tumor, immune
promotion |
|
large-leaved Kuding tea |
Antioxidant, antihypertensive,
hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, increase
coronary flow, anti early pregnancy,
hypoxia tolerance, weight loss |
|
Chinese wolfberry leaf tea |
Hypoglycemic, hypoxia resistant, anti
fatigue, hypolipidemic, antioxidant |
|
tea baicalin |
Heart protection, anti atherosclerosis,
liver protection, antipyretic,
analgesic, antiviral, antibacterial,
anti-inflammatory, immune promotion,
central nervous protection,
hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anti-tumor,
antioxidant |
|
Jiegu tea |
Anti inflammatory, antibacterial,
antiviral, anti-tumor, immune promotion,
analgesia, wound healing, anti ulcer |
|
Honeysuckle tea |
Antiviral, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic,
antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, liver
protection, immune promotion,
antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor,
hemostatic, antifertility |
|
Chrysanthemum Tea |
Anti tumor, anti-inflammatory,
antibacterial, antioxidant, vasodilator,
hypolipidemic, lead excretion,
anti-aging |
|
Litsea coreana |
Anti-oxidation, liver protection,
hypoglycemia, blood lipids,
anti-inflammation, anti-mutation,
anti-tumor immune promotion |
|
Cyclocarya paliurus tea |
Reduces blood glucose, blood lipid,
immunity, anti-tumor, anti-oxidation,
anti-bacteria and blood pressure |
|
Cliff tea |
Antioxidant, anti-bacterial and
anti-tumor |
|
Ampelopsis grossedentata |
Antibacterial, hypoglycemic,
hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective,
antioxidant, antitumor, immune
promotion, sobering up,
anti-inflammatory, analgesic |
|
small-leaved Kuding tea |
Antioxidant, antihypertensive,
hypolipidemic, analgesic, weight loss |
Figure
1. Pharmacological distribution of health tea
6
summary and discussion
Health tea refers to those plants that do not belong
to camellia of thcaceae family, and "tea" here only
refers to one kind of application. There are 23 main
health tea in China, which belong to 19 families, 22
genera and 35 species. The shape and application of
health tea and Camellia are similar, which in a
sense reflects the similarity of the origin of
health tea and tea and the influence of tea culture
on health tea. Health tea is an integral part of
Chinese tea culture, and the diversity of health tea
enriches Chinese tea culture.
Health tea also has some characteristics that tea
does not have. In addition to tea polyphenols, there
are also some varieties with high content of
flavonoids in health tea, and the content of
flavonoids is more than 20%. It contains a kind of
non sugar high sweetness substance, which has a good
development prospect. Health tea does not contain or
contains a small amount of caffeine. It is a good
substitute for tea for those who like to drink tea
and have a taboo on caffeine. Health tea is a
summary of the long-term struggle against nature and
diseases of all ethnic groups in China. It has a
variety of pharmacological activities, especially in
reducing blood fat, blood sugar, blood pressure,
immune promotion and anti-tumor. Health tea is an
important target for the prevention and treatment of
chronic metabolic diseases.
With the development of health tea, the
establishment of health tea production
standardization is the basic guarantee for its
sustainable development. At present, only the gap
and SOP of herbal tea in Zhejiang Province have been
studied.
In a word, health tea is an integral part of Chinese
tea culture. It is a kind of drink suitable for
long-term drinking and preventing chronic metabolic
diseases. It has good development potential. |
